American journal of veterinary research · 2025
Assessment of urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine fractionation analyses as aids in the antemortem diagnosis of pheochromocytomas in clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa).
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Sojka Peter A, Cushing Andrew, Martinelli Laura, Schwartz Heather, Zhu Xiaojuan, Ramsay Edward C
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To examine the normetanephrine- and metanephrine-to-creatinine urinary fractionation ratios of clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) at various ages. We hypothesized that clouded leopards with large metanephrine- and/or normetanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation ratios would have a pheochromocytoma on postmortem examination. Those subjects with comparatively smaller fractionation ratios would not have a pheochromocytoma on postmortem examination.
METHODS: Clouded leopards housed at a zoological institution or sanctuary were included in this study. Patients were examined within a hospital environment. All samples were obtained from January 2020 through August 2021. Urine was collected from patients by direct free catch, cystocentesis, or urinary catheterization and analyzed for metanephrine- and normetanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation ratios. Postmortem examinations were performed on animals that died naturally or were euthanized for various comorbidities to determine if a pheochromocytoma was present.
RESULTS: This experimental study included 1- to 16-year-old clouded leopards, 11 male and 6 female, managed under human care. The 2 clouded leopards in this study with normetanephrine- or metanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation ratios greater than 4 times the high end of the ranges identified in the subjects of this study had confirmed pheochromocytomas on postmortem examination.
CONCLUSIONS: Normetanephrine- and metanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation testing may be useful tools in the antemortem diagnosis of pheochromocytomas in clouded leopards.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Normetanephrine- and metanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation testing may provide a minimally invasive antemortem method of screening for pheochromocytomas in clouded leopards. Quantitative studies are needed to determine if this testing is consistently able to diagnose pheochromocytoma in live clouded leopards.
METHODS: Clouded leopards housed at a zoological institution or sanctuary were included in this study. Patients were examined within a hospital environment. All samples were obtained from January 2020 through August 2021. Urine was collected from patients by direct free catch, cystocentesis, or urinary catheterization and analyzed for metanephrine- and normetanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation ratios. Postmortem examinations were performed on animals that died naturally or were euthanized for various comorbidities to determine if a pheochromocytoma was present.
RESULTS: This experimental study included 1- to 16-year-old clouded leopards, 11 male and 6 female, managed under human care. The 2 clouded leopards in this study with normetanephrine- or metanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation ratios greater than 4 times the high end of the ranges identified in the subjects of this study had confirmed pheochromocytomas on postmortem examination.
CONCLUSIONS: Normetanephrine- and metanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation testing may be useful tools in the antemortem diagnosis of pheochromocytomas in clouded leopards.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Normetanephrine- and metanephrine-to-creatinine fractionation testing may provide a minimally invasive antemortem method of screening for pheochromocytomas in clouded leopards. Quantitative studies are needed to determine if this testing is consistently able to diagnose pheochromocytoma in live clouded leopards.