Altered DNA Methylation Pattern Contributes to Differential Epigenetic Immune Signaling in the Upper Respiratory Airway of Unvaccinated COVID-19 Patients.

SARS-CoV-2 infection remains a global health concern, with its impact on host immune responses not fully understood. In a case-control study, we examined how COVID-19 affects DNA methylation patterns in the upper respiratory airway of hospitalized individuals. DNA methylation arrays were performed on nasopharyngeal samples at inclusion/hospitalization and 6 weeks post-inclusion. We found a distinct DNA methylation pattern in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, identifying 510,099 differentially methylated CpGs. Within the transcription start sites (TSSs) and gene body, COVID-19 patients displayed a higher number of genes/CpGs with elevated methylation levels. Enrichment analysis of TSS-methylated genes revealed effects of SARS-CoV-2 on genes associated with type I interferons, anti-viral and inflammatory responses, and immune functions. Some CpG methylations were transient, and normalized at group level by 6 weeks post-inclusion. Several IFN-regulated genes, including OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, and MX1, were identified. Among the top regulators were IL17A and ERK1/2, both involved in inflammatory processes. Networks nodes included IGF1 and EGF, associated with processes including tissue repair and activation of immune responses. Overall, our data suggests that COVID-19 can impact the upper airway by modifying gene methylation patterns. This could have implications for conditioning of the airways, how individuals respond to future airway infections, and therapeutic interventions.