Modern surgical approaches to female reproductive tract.

Laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery have changed the management of many gynaecological disorders. Procedures that previously required a long duration of hospitalization can now be done on an outpatient basis or with a short hospital stay. Surgical treatment remains the definitive and universal treatment of ectopic pregnancy and it can be safely done by laparoscopy. Most reproductive operations are done by laparoscopy and the results appear to be similar to those obtained with laparotomy. Those needing a laparotomy will be better treated by in-vitro fertilization. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling is a viable alternative for infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Most ovarian cysts and endometriosis should be treated by laparoscopy. Although uterine myomas can be removed by laparoscopy, the uterine integrity after the procedure is questionable. Surgery should be reserved for women who have completed their family or those with pedunculated or shallow intramural myomas. Alternatively, a laparoscopically assisted myomectomy can be done. For laparoscopic hysterectomies for benign lesions, supracervical hysterectomy appears to be a good option. Hysteroscopy has changed our management, particularly for abnormal uterine bleeding. A submucous myoma and polyp can be removed by hysteroscopy and, as an alternative to hysterectomy, endometrial ablation can be done. In the future, most procedures will be done by endoscopy and laparotomy will be reserved only for selected cases.