Deoxynivalenol and male reproductive toxicity: Unraveling the hidden risks.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a highly prevalent mycotoxin known for its deleterious effects on the gastrointestinal and immune systems. Recent studies have also demonstrated its potential to impair reproductive function. This review compiles current evidence on the impact of DON on male reproductive organs, with particular emphasis on its hormonal suppressive effects, disruption of the germinal epithelium, and compromise of the blood-testis barrier. This review also highlights the impact of DON on less-explored reproductive organs, such as the epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles. These effects are primarily mediated by increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Collectively, these alterations result in reduced sperm quality and quantity, thereby impairing male fertility. In addition, we examine studies evaluating the consequences of parental DON exposure on offspring development, which reveal adverse effects across multiple developmental stages. The findings presented consolidate the classification of DON as a relevant toxicant to male reproductive health.