Malaria journal · 2025
Assessment of the in vitro activity and selectivity of Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua aqueous extracts against artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum.
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Roesch Camille, Ashraf Kutub, Vantaux Amélie, Marin Adriana A, Maher Steven P, Franetich Jean-Francois, Kloeung Nimol, Ke Sopheakvatey, Vo Hoa Thi My, Barale Jean-Christophe, Mazier Dominique, Witkowski Benoit
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The recent emergence of artemisinin resistance in Africa is drawing scrutiny toward the use of alternative anti-malarial therapy based on Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra phytotherapies. This study aimed to determine if either A. annua and A. afra extracts are active against artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates and determine the selectivity of inhibitory phytotherapies.
METHODS: Artemisia extracts were tested in vitro to mimic parasites exposure to extracts in population drinking Artemisia sp. teas. Artemisia extracts were tested in Ring Stage Survival Assays (RSA0-3 h) against Cambodian clinical isolates previously genetically and phenotypically characterized as artemisinin resistant or sensitive. Primary human hepatocytes and a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HepG2 cells) were used to assess the cytotoxicity of Artemisia extracts.
RESULTS: The study revealed a substantially decreased in vitro activity of A. annua extracts when tested on artemisinin-resistant parasites mutated in the Pfkelch13 gene (RSA50 0.137-2.56 g.L-1) compared to artemisinin-sensitive parasites (RSA50 0.080 g.L-1). Conversely, the A. afra extracts have a similar activity on the isolates tested whether they are sensitive or resistant to artemisinin (RSA50 0.537-0.758 g.L-1) However, the selectivity index for A. afra extracts was much lower than for A. annua extracts (A. afra: 4.628, 4.305 and 6.076 vs A. annua: 387.625, 226.350 and 12.099, respectively for WT, C580Y and R539T).
CONCLUSIONS: Artemisia annua activity is driven by artemisinin, implicating the same resistance profiles and concerns associated with semisynthetic artemisinin derivatives. Artemisia afra showed artemisinin-independent antiplasmodial activity. However, the molecular basis of this activity is unknown and may not present a sufficient selectivity, thus further characterization of A. afra is essential.
METHODS: Artemisia extracts were tested in vitro to mimic parasites exposure to extracts in population drinking Artemisia sp. teas. Artemisia extracts were tested in Ring Stage Survival Assays (RSA0-3 h) against Cambodian clinical isolates previously genetically and phenotypically characterized as artemisinin resistant or sensitive. Primary human hepatocytes and a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HepG2 cells) were used to assess the cytotoxicity of Artemisia extracts.
RESULTS: The study revealed a substantially decreased in vitro activity of A. annua extracts when tested on artemisinin-resistant parasites mutated in the Pfkelch13 gene (RSA50 0.137-2.56 g.L-1) compared to artemisinin-sensitive parasites (RSA50 0.080 g.L-1). Conversely, the A. afra extracts have a similar activity on the isolates tested whether they are sensitive or resistant to artemisinin (RSA50 0.537-0.758 g.L-1) However, the selectivity index for A. afra extracts was much lower than for A. annua extracts (A. afra: 4.628, 4.305 and 6.076 vs A. annua: 387.625, 226.350 and 12.099, respectively for WT, C580Y and R539T).
CONCLUSIONS: Artemisia annua activity is driven by artemisinin, implicating the same resistance profiles and concerns associated with semisynthetic artemisinin derivatives. Artemisia afra showed artemisinin-independent antiplasmodial activity. However, the molecular basis of this activity is unknown and may not present a sufficient selectivity, thus further characterization of A. afra is essential.