International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
Antifibrotic Effects of Thymus syriacus Essential Oil in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Suppression of the TGF-β1/Smad2 Axis.
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Aksoy Pınar, Yumrutaş Önder, Doğan Muhittin, Yumrutaş Pınar, Sökücü Mehmet, Pehlivan Mustafa
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an irreversible interstitial lung disease in which the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. Due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Thymus species, it is hypothesized that they may suppress pulmonary fibrosis by modulating the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. This study aimed to investigate the potential antifibrotic effects of Thymus syriacus essential oil (TS) on the TGF-β/SMAD pathway in bleomycin-induced PF.
METHODS: PF was induced with bleomycin, and TS was administered at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/mL for 28 days. mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1, SMAD2, COL1, and α-SMA in lung tissues isolated were analyzed using real-time PCR and ELISA. TNF-α levels in BALF were measured by ELISA. ROS and MDA levels in lung issues were determined using 2,7-DHCFDA and TBARS tests, respectively. Histopathological evaluation was performed using Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Blood samples were analyzed for kidney, liver, and cardiac toxicity markers. The chemical composition of TS was determined by GC-MS.
RESULTS: TS significantly reduced levels of TGF-β1, SMAD2, COL1, α-SMA, TNF-α, ROS and MDA compared to the BLM group. PF alterations were markedly attenuated by TS treatment. Thymol, p-cymene and carvacrol were identified as major constituents of TS.
CONCLUSION: Overall, TS alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling pathway.
METHODS: PF was induced with bleomycin, and TS was administered at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/mL for 28 days. mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1, SMAD2, COL1, and α-SMA in lung tissues isolated were analyzed using real-time PCR and ELISA. TNF-α levels in BALF were measured by ELISA. ROS and MDA levels in lung issues were determined using 2,7-DHCFDA and TBARS tests, respectively. Histopathological evaluation was performed using Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Blood samples were analyzed for kidney, liver, and cardiac toxicity markers. The chemical composition of TS was determined by GC-MS.
RESULTS: TS significantly reduced levels of TGF-β1, SMAD2, COL1, α-SMA, TNF-α, ROS and MDA compared to the BLM group. PF alterations were markedly attenuated by TS treatment. Thymol, p-cymene and carvacrol were identified as major constituents of TS.
CONCLUSION: Overall, TS alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling pathway.