Competition between obligate and facultative scavengers and infection: vulture-jackal-anthrax dynamics in Etosha National Park.

Different species of scavengers may compete for the same food in an ecosystem. This case study considers the competition between jackals and vultures in Etosha National Park in Namibia. While jackals are facultative scavengers, able to hunt for food if necessary, vultures are obligate scavengers wholly dependent on carcasses of animals like zebras for persistence. This competition may be further affected by outbreaks of infections such as anthrax, which temporarily increase the number of carcasses but lower the zebra population, acting in some ways as a third competitor. We use a dynamical system to model the interplay between competition dynamics and infection dynamics, and how it is affected by the nature of the competition: indirect (exploitative) or direct (interference). A bifurcation analysis using reproduction numbers shows how vultures' survival may depend on their direct competitive edge in reaching carcasses faster than jackals, and how the infection and the scavengers complicate each other's persistence. Vultures' interference causes a backward bifurcation which enables them to persist. One possible outcome is a "strange bedfellows" bistability in which anthrax and vultures persist only together, not apart, despite being competitors.