Clinical significance of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA), and Copenhagen index (CPH-I) for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecological cancer among women, and in more than 90% of cases, the initial manifestation of the disease is postmenopausal bleeding. Unfortunately, despite early diagnosis and treatment, EC often recurs. Among the many serum tumor markers studied, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) show the most promise as tools for EC diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring.