Gastric Cancer Organoids: Mechanistic Insights, Drug Discovery, and Translational Advances in Precision Medicine.

Significant advances in the treatment of localized gastric cancer have been achieved through early screening, improved diagnostic techniques, surgeries, and adjuvant chemotherapy; however, the need for personalized treatment remains under debate. This review highlights the use of gastric cancer organoid (GCO) models to study cancer mechanisms, drug discovery, and precision medicine, focusing on their ability to simulate the tumor microenvironment, reveal cell heterogeneity, and assess drug responses. In particular, the integration of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing with GCOs provides a powerful platforms for identifying new drug targets and supporting clinical applications in precision medicine. This review also explores the potential of these organoids in future research, particularly in optimizing treatment strategies and developing personalized therapies, thus offering new directions for precision treatment of gastric cancer.