Primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma: pathogenesis and modes of diagnostics.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease caused by progressive inflammation of the intra- and extrahepatic bile duct system. PSC patients have an increased risk to develop hepatobiliary as well as extrahepatic malignancies. The goal of a surveillance strategy for hepatobiliary malignancy in these patients is the detection of early cancer which will allow a potentially curative therapy. Here, we focus on a conceptual review of the pathogenesis of cholangiocellular carcinoma and gallbladder cancer and we will discuss a rational approach for the surveillance of these malignancies in PSC patients.