Recent advances in CAR T and CAR NK cell therapy for AML.

CAR T cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating haematological malignancies, including B-cell lymphomas, B-cell leukaemias, and multiple myeloma. CAR T cell therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is also urgently needed. One of the major challenges is identifying AML-specific antigens, since many potential candidates (e.g. CD33, CD123, CLL-1, CD70, TIM-3 and FLT3) are also expressed on normal haematopoietic progenitors. This can lead to 'on-target/off-tumour' toxicity and bone marrow aplasia. CAR NK cell therapy for AML shows promise as a lower-toxicity, off-the-shelf alternative. NK cells have a lower inherent risk of GVHD and may cause milder CRS/ICANS. In this review, we will describe the current status of CAR T/NK cell development for AML. We will also introduce a new CAR T-cell or NK-cell therapy that targets mismatched HLA-DRB1 in patients with AML who have relapsed following an allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant.