Vitamins and nutraceuticals in glaucoma research.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. There is no current cure for glaucoma, and it is managed by lowering intraocular pressure, a major modifiable risk factor. Nutraceuticals have long been studied to protect retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve from degeneration by targeting the metabolic and neurodegenerative aspects of glaucoma, and even contributing to pressure lowering. A range of vitamins, minerals and nutraceuticals have been and are undergoing investigation for glaucoma. Compounds such as NAD-boosting supplements, antioxidants, and combination therapies can potentially support retinal ganglion cell metabolism and reduce oxidative stress, leading to healthier neurons to preserve vision for longer. However, varying levels of evidence exist to support the use of nutraceuticals in glaucoma. Herein lies a comprehensive review on the latest research evidence for 35 different vitamins, minerals, and nutraceuticals, their proposed mechanism of action, and reported effects on retinal ganglion cell health and in people with glaucoma.