Highly neurogenic glia from human and mouse myenteric ganglia generate functional neurons following culture and transplantation into the gut.

Enteric neural stem cell (ENSC) therapy offers great promise for neurointestinal diseases; however, current isolation methods yield insufficient neurons for regenerative applications. Multiomic profiling of enteric glial cells (EGCs) suggests that subpopulations within myenteric ganglia (MyGa) are a reservoir of highly neurogenic ENSCs. Here, we describe protocols to enrich for intraganglionic EGCs by isolating intact fragments of MyGa, generating cultures with higher neuronal purity than traditional methodologies isolating intramuscular single cells (IM-SCs). MyGa-derived EGCs transdifferentiate into more neurons than IM-SC-derived EGCs do, confirming their neurogenic predisposition. Following transplantation to the mouse intestine, MyGa-derived neurons generate calcium transients and activate smooth muscle in response to optogenetic stimulation. In the human intestine, MyGa-derived cells are similarly highly neurogenic, are enriched for a distinct progenitor population identified by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and exhibit neuromuscular connectivity following xenogeneic transplantation into mice. Highly neurogenic ENSCs are preferentially located within the MyGa, and their selective isolation offers considerable potential for therapy.