Upper Esophageal Dysphagia.

Esophageal dysphagia presents acutely, most frequently as a food impaction, or in a progressive fashion. Anatomic changes are frequently responsible. Although the history may be suggestive, diagnosis is made from imaging or endoscopic studies. In asymptomatic cases, observation is most appropriate. Treatment is frequently accomplished endoscopically. Strictures, cricopharyngeal hyperfunction, and Zenker diverticulum are potential etiologic causes. For the purpose of this article focused on upper esophageal dysphagia, delineation between the upper and lower parts is the crossing of the aortic arch but also includes the most distal aspects of the hypopharynx including the inferior pharyngeal constrictors and upper esophageal sphincter.