Advancements in ocular blood flow imaging: Clinical applications of laser speckle flowgraphy and optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases.

Ocular blood flow imaging techniques have become indispensable in current clinical practice because retinal vascular disturbances have been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous ocular diseases. In this review, we explore the applications of laser Doppler flowmetry, laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), focusing on LSFG and OCTA. Each modality is discussed in detail, including its principles, key parameters, advantages, limitations, and common artifacts. We further evaluated their roles in several ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, pathologic myopia, glaucoma, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and retinopathy of prematurity. Finally, we discuss emerging advancements such as neonatal imaging devices, ultrawide-field OCTA, and artificial intelligence integration in vascular analysis.