Uremic toxins are conditional danger- or homeostasis-associated molecular patterns.

BACKGROUND

Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a disease with diverse aetiologies, including the autoimmune one, either associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies or immunoglobulin G4.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 65-year-old woman with a history of systemic arterial hypertension, presented with intense progressive headaches. HP and hemispheric vasogenic oedema were observed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study. During the six months before the headache, she had developed progressive hearing loss which she attributed to age. A biopsy of dura mater showed necrotising vasculitis with peripheral inflammatory infiltrate, made up of accumulations of epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells, and abundant eosinophils. A final diagnosis of HP with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) was made.

DISCUSSION: The patient had eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) histology, ANCA-negative serology and HP. This case is important because it shows that EGPA seems to have a spectrum of clinical diseases, including HP with negative serology, and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.

CONCLUSION

We are facing a wide spectrum of EGPA, breaking the paradigm of only systemic involvement.

LEARNING POINTS: Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) has several aetiologies; if the systemic investigation is not contributory to a diagnosis, a meningeal biopsy is necessary.This is the first case report of HP, associated with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and ANCA-negative serology.EGPA is probably a spectrum of diseases with predominant systemic involvement, but there may be cases where there is histological evidence, without the systemic context or positive serology.