Characteristics of fusion genes in breast cancer.

Fusion genes, arising from aberrant genomic rearrangements, represent critical oncogenic drivers with distinct oncogenic functions. Although relatively uncommon in breast cancer, accumulating evidence suggests that fusion genes contribute to tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. This review first summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying fusion gene formation, their frequency and subtype distribution, and advances in detection technologies in breast cancer. We then discuss how fusion genes reprogram oncogenic signaling pathways and mediate resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. Finally, we evaluate their translational potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, emphasizing opportunities for precision oncology. By integrating current insights, this review underscores the multifaceted roles of fusion genes in breast cancer biology and highlights their promise for guiding the development of more effective, personalized treatment strategies.