Oncogenic PIK3CA reprograms glutamine metabolism to drive bladder cancer progression.

BACKGROUND

Genomic analysis has revealed that approximately 40% of bladder cancer (BLCA) tumors harbor alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway, with PIK3CA mutations occurring in 15-25% of cases. PIK3CA, which encodes the catalytic p110α subunit of PI3K, plays a critical role in regulating cell survival, proliferation, and metabolism. However, the metabolic and functional consequences of PIK3CA mutations in BLCA remain poorly defined.

METHODS

To investigate the role of PIK3CA mutations in BLCA, we performed targeted sequencing on tumors from patients, identifying recurrent alterations. Using CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in models in SCaBER and UM-UC-3 cell lines, we introduced the PIK3CA E545K mutation to study its effects. We conducted transcriptomic profiling, targeted metabolomics, and stable isotope tracing to assess metabolic reprogramming. Functional assays measured proliferation, mitochondrial complex I activity, and glutaminolysis. Orthotopic xenografts in mice were used to evaluate in vivo tumor growth and metabolism.

RESULTS

PIK3CA mutations were present in 20% of cases, consistent with TCGA data. The E545K and E545Q hotspots accounted for 70% of these mutations. PIK3CA E545K strongly activated PI3K/AKT signaling. Transcriptomic analysis revealed enrichment of OXPHOS, fatty acid metabolism, and mTORC1 signaling. Metabolomics indicated changes in TCA cycle metabolites and enhanced reductive carboxylation of glutamine to citrate, driving fatty acid synthesis. Mutant cells showed increased expression of GLS1 and FASN, higher proliferation rates, and elevated mitochondrial complex I activity. In vivo, PIK3CA-mutant xenografts displayed significantly increased tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

PIK3CA mutations are frequent drivers of metabolic reprogramming in BLCA, leading to increased glutamine flux, elevated OXPHOS activity, and enhanced fatty acid synthesis, all of which contribute to tumor progression. These findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that PIK3CA-driven metabolic alterations are both biomarkers of aggressive disease and actionable therapeutic targets. The efficacy of PI3Kα inhibition in combination with metabolic targets may support its potential in precision medicine for PIK3CA-mutant BLCA and highlights the value of integrating metabolic biomarkers into treatment strategies for advanced BLCA.