Bitemporal Lobe Epilepsy: Evolving Diagnostic and Treatment Paradigms.

Bilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (BTLE) represents a challenging subset of drug-resistant epilepsy, accounting for 20-35% of temporal lobe epilepsy cases. Characterized by independent seizure onset from both temporal lobes, BTLE complicates diagnosis and treatment due to the difficulty in precisely localizing seizure onset zones (SOZs) and its profound cognitive and quality-of-life impact. Memory impairment and frequent seizures significantly burden patients, necessitating advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Traditional scalp EEG often reveals bilateral ictal patterns but lacks specificity to confirm independent seizure foci. Stereoelectroencephalography remains the gold standard for accurate SOZ localization in BTLE, supported by comprehensive semiological and neuropsychological assessments. Understanding the structural and functional connectivity of the temporal lobes is essential for tailored management. Surgical resection is generally discouraged in BTLE owing to modest seizure control and high risk of cognitive decline. However, unilateral resection may benefit selected patients with pronounced seizure laterality (≥80%), though data remain inconsistent. Neuromodulation therapies, including vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and responsive neurostimulation (RNS), have emerged as promising alternatives, demonstrating responder rates around 70%. Notably, RNS offers unique advantages by enabling long-term monitoring to refine seizure laterality and potentially guide future surgical decisions. Despite these advances, access to neuromodulation remains limited in many settings. BTLE continues to pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to optimize individualized approaches and improve patient outcomes.