Tumor progression through epigenetic gene silencing of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in human biliary tract cancers.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated in an immunohistochemical study that reduced expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) correlated with a poorer prognosis in patients with biliary tract cancers. The purpose of this study was to clarify how MGMT deficiency leads to a poor outcome in biliary tract cancer. Thus, we examined epigenetic (promoter methylation) and genetic (gene mutation) alterations in biliary tract cancer.

METHODS: We examined 37 biliary tract cancer specimens from patients who underwent surgical resection. Promoter methylation was determined by one-step or two-step methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Gene mutation was identified by direct sequencing. The expression of MGMT protein in paraffin-embedded tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: Frequencies of promoter methylation were 70% for p16/INK4a, 49% for MGMT, 46% for hMLH1, 41% for E-cadherin, and 32% for DAPK genes. MGMT methylation status was closely correlated with the MGMT protein expression determined by immunohistochemistry (P < .001). Although this was not statistically significant, biliary tract cancer tumors with MGMT methylation expressed multigene methylation more frequently than tumors without MGMT methylation (P = .071). A total of 33 mutations were identified in 4 cancer-related genes: p53, K-ras, beta-catenin, and p16/INK4a genes. The most common mutation was GC to AT transitions (58%), which were significantly associated with MGMT promoter methylation (P = .011). These findings suggest that loss of MGMT expression by promoter methylation results in accumulation of GC to AT gene mutations.

CONCLUSIONS: Reduced MGMT expression may increase the malignant potential of biliary tract cancer through both epigenetic and genetic mechanisms.