A Dynamic Virtual Channel Approach to Enhance Retinal Prosthetic Precision.

Visual prostheses aim to approximate biomimetic visual function by electrically simulating surviving retinal neurons. Improving the spatial resolution of electrically elicited artificial vision remains a critical challenge for retinal prostheses. We investigate how dynamic virtual channel (DVC) parameters shape retinal ganglion cell (RGC) population responses to improve spatial precision and activation efficiency in epiretinal stimulation. We developed a computational modeling framework to quantify DVC performance using a hierarchical optimization strategy. First, static virtual channels (SVCs) were used to map how current ratio (α) and stimulus intensity govern RGC activation, defining an optimal SVC parameter space. Building on this baseline, DVC protocols were refined by evaluating the combined effects of inter-virtual-channel interval (ΔT), α, and intensity. This strategy significantly reduces the complexity of DVC parameter optimization. Under SVC stimulation, increasing intensity improved the linearity of receptive field (RF) centroid displacement with α, while α and intensity jointly set RF centroid location and activated area. Under DVC stimulation, ΔT strongly modulated RGC activation, especially at short intervals. Initializing from SVC-optimized parameters, tuning ΔT and intensity produced more confined activation at lower stimulus intensities than SVC, indicating that DVC can serve as a novel stimulation strategy to enhance spatial precision and activation efficiency in retinal stimulation. This study provides the first systematic analysis of retinal DVC stimulation and a practical optimization framework for next-generation prostheses.