Off-flavors in fish: origins, detection, and mitigation strategies.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the short-term effects of Achilles tendon ruptures on medial gastrocnemius. We hypothesized that the fascicles of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the injured Achilles tendon would be shorter and more pennate immediately following the injury and would persist throughout 4 weeks post-injury. B-mode longitudinal ultrasound images of the medial gastrocnemius were acquired in 10 adults who suffered acute Achilles tendon ruptures and were treated non-operatively. Ultrasound images were acquired during the initial clinical visit following injury as well as 2 and 4 weeks following this initial clinical visit. Resting muscle structure was characterized by measuring fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness, and muscle echo intensity in both the injured and contralateral (control) limbs. Fascicle length was 15% shorter (P < 0.001) and pennation angle was 21% greater (P < 0.001) in the injured muscle compared to the uninjured (control) muscle at the presentation of injury (week 0). These differences in fascicle length persisted through 4 weeks after injury (P < 0.002) and pennation angle returned to pre-injury levels. Muscle thickness changes were not detected at any of the post-injury visits (difference < 4%, P > 0.026). Echo intensity of the injured limb was 8% lower at the presentation of the injury but was not different compared to the contralateral muscle at 2 and 4 weeks post-injury. Our results suggest that Achilles tendon ruptures elicit rapid changes in the configuration of the medial gastrocnemius, which may explain long-term functional deficits.