Why Do Robotic Total Knee Arthroplasties Fail?

BACKGROUND

Robotic platforms can provide increased information and accuracy to the procedure of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, it is unclear whether these advantages translate to decreased failures over time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe aseptic failures following robotic TKA by examining (1) types of failure and (2) subsequent procedures/reoperations.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 2,648 robotic TKAs with a single robotic platform performed at our institution between January 1, 2016, and May 31, 2024. There were 1,303 men and 1,345 women who had a mean age of 64 years (range, 20 to 93). Patients were excluded if they had a prior history of infection, posttraumatic arthritis, or hardware other than a prior anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patients who had less than 12-month follow-up were also excluded from the final analyses.

RESULTS

At a mean follow-up of 42 months (range, 14 to 95), 203 patients (7.7%) who underwent robotic primary TKA experienced at least one complication. There were 163 patients (6.2%) who required at least one additional intervention, and 39 knees (1.5%) required a revision TKA. There were 21 patients (0.8%) who developed infections (14 periprosthetic joint infections and seven surgical site infections). Aseptic complications occurred in the following order of decreasing frequency: stiffness (5.5%); chronic pain (0.7%); instability (0.2%); and aseptic loosening (0.1%). There were two cases each of patellar maltracking, patellar clunk, and popliteus/iliotibial band syndrome. Also, there were three periprosthetic fractures and one case of a quadriceps tendon rupture.

CONCLUSIONS

Failures can still occur following robotic TKA. Stiffness requiring manipulation was the most common complication. Traditional early failures such as instability and aseptic loosening were infrequent. Comparative clinical trials with defined targets are necessary to confirm these observations and determine the advantages and disadvantages of robotic TKA systems.