Relationship between blood eosinophilia and disease severity in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

AIMS: New chemotherapeutic agents prolong survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although their incidence is rising, patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis (HD) are not included in the phase III trials evaluating the effects of these chemotherapies. Many experts recommend applying chemotherapy after HD using a reduced dose. Alternatively, the concept of prior dosing allows for the application of dialyzable chemotherapeutic drugs using a normal dose, with an HD followed shortly after to mimic normal renal function. In this work, we provide guidance for clinicians on how to use chemotherapy in patients with PDAC on HD and how to identify substances suitable for prior dosing.

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

We systematically searched PubMed, from inception to September 2016, for published studies describing patients with ESRD on HD who received chemotherapies commonly applied in PDAC, including gemcitabine, fluorouracil (5-FU), capecitabine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, docetaxel, erlotinib, sunitinib, S-1, and afatinib. Applied dosages, described toxicities, application time relative to HD, and pharmacokinetic measurements of the drug and its metabolites were assessed. Quantitative analysis of the drug plasma concentrations, including half-life during and in between HD and fraction of the drug eliminated during HD, were assessed.

RESULTS

We identified 56 studies describing 128 patients with ESRD undergoing HD during chemotherapeutic treatment. Quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the following substances are dialyzable and thus suitable for application using the prior-dosing method: gemcitabine, 5-FU, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and S-1.

CONCLUSION

This work supports the application of dialyzable chemotherapeutic agents in patients with PDAC in standard dose when HD is performed shortly after the infusion.
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