Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. in wild birds: prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and genotyping.

1. This study isolated Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. from faecal samples of wild birds, and determined the antibiotic susceptibilities and genotypes of the recovered C. jejuni isolates.2. A total of 575 faecal samples were collected from wild birds. Recovered isolates were identified using phenotypic tests, serological testing, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The susceptibilities of isolates to six different antibiotics were determined by the disk diffusion method, while genotyping was performed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR.3. The prevalence of C. jejuni and Salmonella spp. was 9.2% and 0.2%, respectively. Listeria spp. were not found. For antibiotic susceptibility testing, the highest resistance to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30.2%) and tetracycline (15.1%) was seen in the C. jejuni isolates and the rate of multidrug resistance was determined as 7.5%. The ERIC-PCR results for C. jejuni isolates showed a total of 21 different forms.4. The detection of enteropathogenic, antibiotic-resistant and heterogeneous genetic diversity bacteria suggests that wild birds pose a potential health risk.