Finite Element Assessment of Bone Fragility from Clinical Images.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We re-evaluated clinical applications of image-to-FE models to understand if clinical advantages are already evident, which proposals are promising, and which questions are still open.

RECENT FINDINGS: CT-to-FE is useful in longitudinal treatment evaluation and groups discrimination. In metastatic lesions, CT-to-FE strength alone accurately predicts impending femoral fractures. In osteoporosis, strength from CT-to-FE or DXA-to-FE predicts incident fractures similarly to DXA-aBMD. Coupling loads and strength (possibly in dynamic models) may improve prediction. One promising MRI-to-FE workflow may now be tested on clinical data. Evidence of artificial intelligence usefulness is appearing. CT-to-FE is already clinical in opportunistic CT screening for osteoporosis, and risk of metastasis-related impending fractures. Short-term keys to improve image-to-FE in osteoporosis may be coupling FE with fall risk estimates, pool FE results with other parameters through robust artificial intelligence approaches, and increase reproducibility and cross-validation of models. Modeling bone modifications over time and bone fracture mechanics are still open issues.