Proximal femoral malunions and their management.

Proximal femoral fractures are common injuries and malunion or nonunion with deformity (mal non-union) is not an uncommon complication. In this paper, we discuss the aetiology, prevention strategies, assessment of proximal femoral malunion, and treatment strategies. Intramedullary nails (IMNs), angled blade plates (ABPs), and dynamic hip screws (DHSs) are generally used to treat mal- and non-unions of the proximal femur. We discuss pros and cons of each technique. A brief review of the literature is presented to aid decision-making.