Update on sacral neuromodulation: indications and outcomes.

Tanagho and Schmidt first introduced sacral nerve neuromodulation in 1981. Since then, it has become increasingly popular and the indications for this procedure are growing. The purpose of this article is to discuss the established indications for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS). The outcomes of the most recent studies and trials dealing with SNS are presented. An overview of the most recent techniques used for neuromodulation is detailed.