Biomarkers Involved in the Pathogenesis of Hemophilic Arthropathy.

Hemophilia, which is a rare disease, results from congenital deficiencies of coagulation factors VIII and IX, respectively, leading to spontaneous bleeding into joints, resulting in hemophilic arthropathy (HA). HA involves complex processes, including synovial proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Despite ongoing research, factors contributing to HA progression, especially in adults with severe HA experiencing joint pain, remain unclear. Blood markers, particularly collagen-related ones, have been explored to assess joint health in hemophilia. For example, markers like CTX-I and CTX-II reflect bone and cartilage turnover, respectively. Studies indicate elevated levels of certain markers post-bleeding episodes, suggesting joint health changes. However, longitudinal studies on collagen turnover and basement membrane or endothelial cell markers in relation to joint outcomes, particularly during painful episodes, are scarce. Given the role of the CX3CL1/CX3XR1 axis in arthritis, other studies investigate its involvement in HA. The importance of different inflammatory and bone damage biomarkers should be assessed, alongside articular cartilage and synovial membrane morphology, aiming to enhance understanding of hemophilic arthropathy progression.