Brucellosis vaccine development: immunological mechanisms, animal models, and future directions.

Brucellosis stands out as a severe zoonotic disease that continues to threaten public health and livestock stability. Even with vaccines currently in use, the field faces significant technical hurdles that prevent effective control. Here, we look closely at four primary directions for future development: traditional live vaccines, subunit and peptide options, and the newer, high-potential mRNA technologies. We break down how these differ regarding the immune response they trigger, their safety limits, and how well they actually protect the host. The article also highlights the essential role of animal models in testing these parameters, based on recent experimental data. Our goal is to offer a practical, scientifically grounded reference that addresses current flaws in vaccine design. Hopefully, this will speed up the move from the lab to clinical use and help solve the long-term stagnation in fighting this disease.