The Interplay of Aging and the Immune System.

Aging is a genetically regulated biological process. We review recent studies that highlight the role of the immune system, specifically chronic inflammation, in contributing to age-related decline and frailty. Of clinical importance, aging is a risk factor for multiple conditions. During childbearing years, women are largely protected from diseases associated with aging. However, menopause, which marks the loss of ovarian function, introduces a significant shift. An unexpected and remarkable discovery is that the decline in estrogen levels triggers chronic inflammation, which in turn promotes atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and cognitive decline. Gaining a deeper understanding of the crosstalk between aging and the immune system is essential for advancing strategies that support healthy aging.