Future Directions in the Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis.

The treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis has been the subject of multiple randomized clinical trials, and despite this, the patient population that stands to benefit from the addition of a fusion when performing a decompression is not defined with high-level evidence. Analysis of patient-specific anatomic factors using modern data analysis including machine learning and artificial intelligence will guide our approach to patient selection. Today, there a multitude of new surgical options for patients including minimally invasive solutions that will need to be included in predictive models to determine which patients will do better with any specific surgical option.