Bone Growth Stimulators in Orthopedic Trauma: History, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications.

This article examines bone growth stimulators in orthopedic trauma, detailing their history from early electrical devices to modern ultrasound systems, mechanisms of action, and applications for fractures, nonunions, and specialized procedures. Pulsed electromagnetic field, capacitive coupling, combined magnetic field, direct current, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound modalities have been shown to accelerate healing in acute and chronic cases, reducing complications in high-risk patients. Supported by clinical trials, these devices offer noninvasive and invasive options to improve outcomes and lower costs. Recommendations emphasize integration into trauma protocols, with future directions exploring combined therapies.