Osteoarthritis and cardiometabolic diseases: shared mechanisms, modifiable risk factors, and integrated management strategies.

INTRODUCTION

Osteoarthritis (OA) and cardiometabolic diseases (CMD), including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, are common chronic disorders sharing risk factors, mechanisms, and societal burdens. Obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and inflammation link joint damage with vascular and metabolic issues. Factors such as advanced glycation end-products, adipokines, and cytokines including interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein drive systemic and local inflammation, accelerating joint deterioration and cardiovascular problems.

AREAS COVERED: We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, CIAP, and Google Scholar from January 2011 to October 2025. Evidence supports a bidirectional relationship where OA worsens cardiometabolic risk via inactivity, and CMD accelerates OA through vascular and metabolic stress. Without disease-modifying drugs, lifestyle interventions like weight management and physical activity are key. Multidisciplinary care targeting shared modifiable risk factors can improve outcomes.

EXPERT OPINION: Future research should investigate shared molecular pathways using approaches like multi-omics, validate early-detection biomarkers, and assess multimodal interventions that link musculoskeletal and metabolic health. A patient-centered approach to OA and CMD offers the best chance to reduce disability and disease burden.