American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026
Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Female Patients With Systemic Sclerosis: Evidence for Prenatal Androgen Exposure.
СтатьяПоддержка исследования: вне правительства СШАНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Akkoc Ramazan Fazil, Karatas Ahmet, Oz Burak
Аннотация
OBJECTIVES: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) demonstrates marked female predominance, suggesting hormonal influences in disease pathogenesis. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure, has been associated with various autoimmune conditions. This study investigated whether 2D:4D ratios differ between female SSc patients and healthy controls.
METHODS: This case-control study enrolled 33 women with SSc (2013 ACR/EULAR criteria) and 30 age-matched healthy female controls. Second and fourth digit lengths were measured bilaterally using digital calipers, and 2D:4D ratios were calculated. Between-group differences were analyzed using Welch's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS: SSc patients demonstrated significantly lower 2D:4D ratios than controls bilaterally (right hand: 0.950 ± 0.029 vs. 1.022 ± 0.012, p < 0.001; left hand: 0.951 ± 0.030 vs. 1.022 ± 0.012, p < 0.001). Effect sizes were substantial (Cohen's d > 2.8). The lower ratios resulted from longer fourth digits rather than shorter second digits, consistent with elevated prenatal androgen exposure.
CONCLUSIONS: Female SSc patients exhibit significantly lower 2D:4D ratios than healthy controls, suggesting higher prenatal testosterone exposure. These findings support the hypothesis that the prenatal hormonal environment may contribute to autoimmune disease susceptibility.
METHODS: This case-control study enrolled 33 women with SSc (2013 ACR/EULAR criteria) and 30 age-matched healthy female controls. Second and fourth digit lengths were measured bilaterally using digital calipers, and 2D:4D ratios were calculated. Between-group differences were analyzed using Welch's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS: SSc patients demonstrated significantly lower 2D:4D ratios than controls bilaterally (right hand: 0.950 ± 0.029 vs. 1.022 ± 0.012, p < 0.001; left hand: 0.951 ± 0.030 vs. 1.022 ± 0.012, p < 0.001). Effect sizes were substantial (Cohen's d > 2.8). The lower ratios resulted from longer fourth digits rather than shorter second digits, consistent with elevated prenatal androgen exposure.
CONCLUSIONS: Female SSc patients exhibit significantly lower 2D:4D ratios than healthy controls, suggesting higher prenatal testosterone exposure. These findings support the hypothesis that the prenatal hormonal environment may contribute to autoimmune disease susceptibility.