Reactive oxygen species driven immune inflammation in systemic sclerosis: mechanisms and emerging therapeutics.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vascular abnormalities, immune dysregulation, and progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Oxidative stress is thought to be a potential initiating factor in SSc vasculopathy, with sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) production implicated in disease progression and tissue fibrosis. Immunosuppressants have been used to treat SSc, and there are still unmet clinical needs. This review highlights newly validated and investigational therapies targeting ROS-driven immune and cytokine pathways, which have key roles in the initiation and progression of SSc-related vasculopathy and fibrosis.