Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic risk factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading occupational health problem in Ethiopia, contributing to functional impairment and long‑term disability.

AIMS: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of MSDs in Ethiopia and identify associated ergonomic risk factors to inform occupational health policy and preventive strategies.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta‑analysis of 31 studies including 12 419 participants from five Ethiopian regions was conducted. Pooled prevalence estimates and ergonomic risk factors were analysed.

RESULTS

The overall pooled prevalence of MSDs was 63% (95% confidence interval: 53.05-72.35). Regional variation was observed, with Addis Ababa reporting the highest prevalence (81%) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region the lowest (48%). By occupation, sewing machine operators experienced the greatest burden (97%). Lower back pain was the most common MSD (43%). Significant ergonomic risk factors included awkward posture (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.74), prolonged sitting (AOR: 3.00) and repetitive work (AOR: 2.52). Protective factors such as older age, female sex and ergonomic training were associated with reduced risk.

CONCLUSIONS

MSDs are highly prevalent among Ethiopian workers, with marked variation across regions and occupations. The findings underscore the urgent need for workplace modifications, ergonomic training and policy interventions to reduce occupational MSD risks and safeguard long‑term workforce health.