Effects of photobiomodulation, intermittent pneumatic compression and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle recovery: Systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND

Muscle damage represents a performance-limiting factor for athletes, thus necessitating a thorough understanding of the most efficacious recovery modalities.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBMT), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) on muscle recovery.

DESIGN

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

METHODS

We searched four databases in July 2023. Randomized clinical trials, with healthy asymptomatic participants aged ≥18 years, who received PBMT, NMES or IPC, measuring muscle recovery outcomes were included. Two independent authors selected the studies, assessed the risk of bias, and reviewed the certainty of the evidence (GRADE).

RESULTS

We included 19 studies (n = 672 participants). There is low-certainty evidence that PBMT applied before exercise significantly reduces muscle soreness (MD: -12.27 points, 95 % CI -18.14 to -6.40; I2 = 48 %). There is low-certainty evidence that NMES (MD: -4.60 points, 95 % CI -20.03 to 10.83; I2 = NA) does not reduce muscle soreness immediately post-intervention. There is moderate-certainty evidence that IPC does not reduce muscle soreness at 24h post-intervention (MD: -2.20 points, 95 % CI -10.08 to 5.68; I2 = NA).

CONCLUSION

PBMT applied prior to exercise reduces muscle soreness and increases muscle performance at 24h post-exercise induced damage. Furthermore, NMES and IPC applied after exercise does not reduce muscle soreness compared to control.