A multimodal approach to Canine Osteoarthritis management: A state-of-the-art.

Canine osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, progressive, and debilitating joint disorder characterized by cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling. This multifactorial disease leads to chronic pain and significant impairment of quality of life. As OA remains incurable, therapeutic strategies have shifted toward comprehensive multimodal management aimed at addressing the disease's complex pathophysiology. This review presents an evidence-based overview of current approaches, including weight management, rehabilitation, pharmacologic therapies (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, anti-Nerve Growth Factor monoclonal antibodies), disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, regenerative treatments, and nutraceuticals. This study also highlights practical challenges and future directions, emphasizing individualized treatment plans to optimize outcomes in canine OA.