Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026
Periodontal status, oral inflammatory biomarker, and relative expression of red complex bacteria in periodontitis-rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional preliminary study.
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Mahardika Minessa, Rakhmawati Widya, Sulijaya Benso, Kuswandani Sandra Olivia, Haerani Natalina, Wibowo Suryo Anggoro Kusumo, Soeroso Yuniarti, Masulili Sri Lelyati C, Tadjoedin Fatimah Maria, Rahdewati Herlis, Safitri Cut Intan, Sumbayak Ines Augustina, Tabeta Koichi, Takahashi Naoki
Аннотация
OBJECTIVES: To determine the differences in periodontal status-Probing Depth (PD), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Bleeding on Probing (BOP); oral inflammatory biomarkers-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1β), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); and the relative expression of red complex bacteria-Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td), and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) among groups with periodontitis and periodontitis accompanied by rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional preliminary study by exploring periodontal clinical parameters, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) inflammatory biomarker levels, and subgingival plaque relative expression of red complex bacteria. A total of 21 subjects, samples were taken one-time from patients with periodontitis (n=12) and periodontitis with RA (n=9). Biomarker levels were analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and bacterial expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All periodontal parameters, GCF biomarkers, and bacterial expression were then analyzed accordingly.
RESULTS: No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found for PD and CAL. BOP was significantly higher in the periodontitis group than periodontitis+RA group. All biomarker levels were significantly increased in the periodontitis+RA group compared to periodontitis group. No significant difference in total bacterial expression (16sRNA) among groups. Pg and Td expression were significantly higher in the periodontitis group compared to periodontitis+RA group.
CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study, patients with periodontitis and RA exhibited significantly higher inflammatory biomarkers levels, indicating an amplified inflammatory response. This exploratory study identifies numerical trends suggesting that systemic condition may be associated with a suppressed red complex profile in Indonesian RA patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional preliminary study by exploring periodontal clinical parameters, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) inflammatory biomarker levels, and subgingival plaque relative expression of red complex bacteria. A total of 21 subjects, samples were taken one-time from patients with periodontitis (n=12) and periodontitis with RA (n=9). Biomarker levels were analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and bacterial expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All periodontal parameters, GCF biomarkers, and bacterial expression were then analyzed accordingly.
RESULTS: No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found for PD and CAL. BOP was significantly higher in the periodontitis group than periodontitis+RA group. All biomarker levels were significantly increased in the periodontitis+RA group compared to periodontitis group. No significant difference in total bacterial expression (16sRNA) among groups. Pg and Td expression were significantly higher in the periodontitis group compared to periodontitis+RA group.
CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study, patients with periodontitis and RA exhibited significantly higher inflammatory biomarkers levels, indicating an amplified inflammatory response. This exploratory study identifies numerical trends suggesting that systemic condition may be associated with a suppressed red complex profile in Indonesian RA patients.