Advances in electrochemical biosensors for early detection of rheumatoid arthritis.

Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as pivotal technologies for the early detection of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and destruction. This paper reviews the advancements in biosensing platforms, particularly focusing on the detection of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs) and other biomarkers relevant to RA diagnosis. By integrating nanotechnology and innovative electrochemical methods, these biosensors offer increased sensitivity, specificity, and rapid results, facilitating timely therapeutic interventions. The review also highlights the challenges and future directions in biosensor technology, emphasizing the importance of personalized medicine and real-time monitoring in improving patient outcomes.