New directions in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism.

Treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism remains a therapeutic challenge. In three quarters of cases, this endocrine disorder arises as a consequence of neck surgery, but it can also present in other disease settings, for example, in rare genetic disorders. Conventional standard of care treatment is based on oral administration of calcium and vitamin D. However, a significant proportion of patients remain uncontrolled biochemically under this treatment, with persistent clinical symptoms that affect quality of life. Administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in more recent times has encountered the problem of the short half-life of the hormone, which necessitates multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous administration controlled by a pump. Recently, progress in understanding the pathophysiology of hypoparathyroidism has opened the possibility of new therapeutic approaches using longer-acting forms of PTH, PTH receptor analogs or, more recently, calcilytic agents. These are the subjects of current clinical trials, with encouraging results. However, their possible future use will depend on their long-term impacts on bone metabolism and renal function, which remain to be determined.