[Leptospirosis: A growing health threat to fish farming and recreational activities].

Leptospirosis is a cosmopolitan infectious disease caused by the bacteria Leptospirainterrogans, which is worldwide increasing as the result of climate changes favoring the reproduction of asymptomatic reservoir rodents and also flooding that brings mammals and humans into contact with contaminated water. This disease affects many mammals among wild, domestic or farmed animals. In humans, it is manifested through frustrated to severe forms that can lead to liver and kidney failure and death in about one in ten severe cases. Diagnostic methods and treatments are satisfactory. Prophylaxis is based on individual protective measures including vaccination. The single human vaccine that is available is expensive and it protects 97% against about a third of human pathogenic serovars. Moreover, this vaccine is not covered by health insurance. Better epidemiological knowledge, particularly at European level, could stimulate research in this area in order to obtain a vaccine that would protect more comprehensively against serovars pathogenic to humans.