Bacteria-responsive DNAgel system for targeted delivery of photothermally enhanced MXene/MoS2 in the treatment of pyogenic osteomyelitis.

Pyogenic osteomyelitis (POM) presents significant clinical challenges due to persistent infections and impaired bone regeneration. Here, we developed a bacteria-responsive MXene/MoS2 DNAgel (MXMoS2 DNAgel) with enhanced photothermal antibacterial capabilities to treat POM. By doping molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) quantum dots onto MXene nanosheets, the hydrogel exhibited significantly improved near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion, facilitating efficient bacterial eradication. The DNA-based hydrogel responded selectively to bacterial DNase, allowing for infection-triggered release of therapeutic components. Furthermore, the MXMoS2 DNAgel reduced inflammation by modulating macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes and promoted osteogenic differentiation through activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated excellent antibacterial efficacy, robust bone regeneration, and favorable biocompatibility. Collectively, this multifunctional hydrogel offers a promising therapeutic platform for targeted management and healing of infectious bone diseases.