Riluzole in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: Mechanistic insights and experimental validation.

Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are tightly interconnected processes that drive the progression of multiple central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Riluzole, a benzothiazole derivative approved for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), has been widely investigated for its broader neuroprotective potential. Its actions include modulation of glutamatergic transmission through presynaptic inhibition and upregulation of excitatory amino acid transporters. Additionally, Riluzole inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby reducing neuronal hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity. Its anti-inflammatory properties are mediated through the suppression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling and the attenuation of microglial activation, while its antioxidant effects involve the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme Oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) pathway and the preservation of mitochondrial function. These mechanisms have been supported by preclinical evidence across models of ALS, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and spinal cord injury (SCI), with emerging clinical data supporting its broader therapeutic relevance. Although clinical findings remain limited and disease-specific, the mechanistic breadth of Riluzole continues to motivate interest in its potential utility across neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. This review synthesizes recent advances in Riluzole pharmacology and outlines key considerations for future mechanistic and translational research.