What is already known on this topic?
Patient satisfaction is closely related to the quality of nursing care, and factors such as empathy, professional skills, and communication play a key role in improving satisfaction. No study was found in the literature on the relationship between the perception of nursing care and satisfaction for multicultural patients, patients with hematological malignancies, and patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.
What does this study add on this topic?
This study highlights that multicultural patients with hematological malignancies generally report high satisfaction with nursing care, and that cultural sensitivity significantly enhances their perception of care and overall satisfaction. The main message of the manuscript is that understanding cultural diversity and integrating culturally sensitive practices into nursing care are essential for improving the quality of care and satisfaction in complex and long-term treatment processes, especially in multicultural hospital settings.
Introduction
Quality of care is defined by the World Health Organization as providing a safe, effective, and patient-centered service that is appropriate for the needs of patients in health services (World Health Organization, 2018 ). Health care includes services provided to protect and improve the physical, psychological, and social well-being of individuals and to manage disease processes. Care in health services is provided by a multidisciplinary team that includes nurses, doctors, physiotherapists, dietitians, psychologists, and other health professionals. Nurses are among the most important health professionals who directly care for individuals, provide health education, and follow the care/treatment processes of patients 24/7 ( Shi et al., 2025 ).
Nursing care is a professional service that includes assessing, nursing diagnosis, planning, interventions, and evaluating the care needs of individuals with existing or potential health problems, and includes mutual trust, empathy, privacy, ethics, and moral values in the entire process of care. In addition, nursing care should not only cover biophysiological needs but also psychological and social needs as well as cultural needs that can be ignored. Nurses’ individualized care, taking into account cultural differences, plays a critical role in increasing patient satisfaction and quality of care. However, the quality of nursing care is directly related to how the service provided is perceived by the patient. In addition to the individual characteristics of patients, factors such as the support they receive from nurses, the respect and courtesy shown by the nurse, the ability to reach the nurse when needed, and clear and satisfactory information significantly affect the perception of care ( Alhussin et al., 2024 ).
One of the most important indicators in evaluating the service and quality of care provided by nurses, patient satisfaction is expressed as the degree of closeness between the ideal nursing care expectation and the patient’s perception of the nursing care they actually receive ( Alghamdi et al., 2022 ). In this context, patient satisfaction is considered an important criterion of nursing care quality and contributes to determining the overall effectiveness of health services ( Al Labed et al., 2023 ). Especially in multicultural patient groups, individuals’ cultural values, language barriers, health beliefs, and care expectations can directly affect the effectiveness of nursing care quality ( Pehlivan et al., 2013 ). Ignoring and failing to realize cultural differences can lead to patients feeling excluded during the care process, lack of communication, and decreased satisfaction with health services ( Alkhamees & Alasqah, 2023 ; Aslan & Kızır, 2019 ). Therefore, determining the relationship between the perceptions of nursing care quality and satisfaction levels of patients with hematological malignancy from different cultures who experience psychosocial difficulties due to long treatment and hospitalization processes and complex treatment procedures is an important requirement for the development of care services ( Özlük & Yorgancılar, 2024 ). Similarly, in a study conducted in the field of oncology in the literature, it was stated that if the cultural, spiritual, and psychosocial needs of patients are not included in the care process, adherence to treatment, perceived quality of care and satisfaction will decrease, which may have negative effects on treatment outcomes and quality of life ( Balboni et al., 2017 ).
In recent years, the increase in cultural diversity in health services has brought to the forefront the understanding of the expectations and experiences of multicultural patient populations from health services. This study aims to guide health professionals in developing strategies to increase cultural sensitivity by examining the relationship between perceptions of nursing care and patient satisfaction in multicultural patient groups. It is aimed at presenting suggestions for improving the quality of nursing care in line with the data to be obtained.
Research Questions
What are the perceptions of multicultural patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies regarding the quality of nursing care?
What are the satisfaction levels of multicultural patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies with nursing care?
Is there a significant relationship between patients’ perceptions of quality of care and their satisfaction levels?
Do patient demographic characteristics (age, gender, education level, cultural/linguistic differences, etc.) influence their perceptions of quality of nursing care and their satisfaction levels?
Are cultural differences a determining factor in patients’ perceptions of quality of nursing care?
Does the relationship between perceptions of quality of nursing care and satisfaction differ across different cultural groups?
Methods
Study Design
This study is a descriptive and cross-sectional study.
Sample
Between January and October 2024, patients with hematologic malignancies who were hospitalized for a minimum of 10 days in the Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit of a private hospital constituted the study population. Patients with hematologic malignancies often undergo complex and long-term treatments; therefore, including patients with at least 10 days of hospitalization allowed for a more consistent and reliable assessment of their care experiences. The study sample consisted of 140 patients who agreed to participate in the study during the study period and met the eligibility criteria.
In this study, the term “multicultural patients” refers to individuals with diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic, or religious backgrounds receiving treatment at the same healthcare facility. Adult patients aged 18 years and over diagnosed with hematological malignancies who agreed to participate and were able to communicate effectively with an interpreter who could speak and read Turkish were included in the study. The interpreters who supported the study had sufficient Turkish speaking and reading skills to effectively convey their experiences. This ensured that no communication barriers were encountered during the data collection process, and perceptions and satisfaction with nursing care were reliably assessed.
Data Collection Tools
Data were collected using the “Personal Data Collection Form,” “Newcastle Nursing Care Satisfaction Scale (NNCSS),” and the “Patient Perception of Nursing Care Scale (PPNCS),” all of which were developed by the researchers.
Personal Data Collection Form
This form, developed by the researchers, consists of 10 questions designed to determine clinical data such as the patient’s diagnosis, disease duration, concomitant diseases, and the experience of the nursing caregiver, as well as socio-demographic variables (age, gender, education level, marital status, income). The information regarding the “experience of the nursing caregiver” was obtained directly from the nurses providing care, not from the patients. Thus, the nurses’ professional experience was reported by the nurses themselves, and no data on this variable was collected from the patients.
Newcastle Nursing Care Satisfaction Scale
Developed by Thomas and Bond in 1996 , the NNCSS is designed to assess patient experiences and satisfaction with nursing care. The Turkish validity and reliability of the scale were established by Uzun in 2003 and further validated by Akın and Erdoğan in 2007 ( Uzun, 2003 ; Akın & Erdoğan, 2007 ). According to Akın and Erdoğan ( 2007 ), the scale demonstrated high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.92.
The scale consists of 19 items that assess satisfaction with nursing care using a 5-point Likert scale. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in this study was 0.87, indicating high reliability of the scale. 1 = very dissatisfied, 2 = rarely satisfied, 3 = satisfied, 4 = very satisfied, 5 = completely satisfied. The total score is calculated by summing the scores of all items and scaling it to a range from 0 to 112, with a score of 100 indicating satisfaction with nursing care. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in this study was 0.87, indicating high reliability of the scale.
Patients’ Perception of Nursing Care Scale
Initially developed by Dozier et al. in 2001 , the PPNCS was adapted to Turkish culture by Çoban & Kaşıkçı in 2006 ( İpek Çoban & Kaşıkçı, 2010 ). According to Çoban & Kaşıkçı ( 2010 ), the Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was 0.95, indicating high reliability. This Likert-type scale includes 15 statements regarding the quality of nursing care. Respondents rate each statement using the following options: “strongly agree = 5,” “agree somewhat = 4,” “neutral = 3,” “disagree = 2,” and “strongly disagree = 1.” Scores for each item are based on the response selected, with a minimum score of 15 and a maximum score of 75. A score above 45 is considered indicative of patient satisfaction with nursing care. The Cronbach’s alpha value for the scale in this study was 0.93, indicating excellent reliability.
Data Collection
A detailed explanation of the study was provided to eligible patients who had been hospitalized in the Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit of a private hospital for at least 10 days between January and October 2024 and agreed to participate. The study was conducted in a hospital that serves primarily local residents but has a significant number of patients of international origin. The term “multicultural” used in this study refers to the characteristics of individuals with diverse cultural, ethnic, or linguistic backgrounds, often found in local patient centers. Patients who completed the informed consent form completed the Informed Consent Form, Personal Data Collection Form, NNCSS, and PPNCS. Patients were informed that the data collected would be used for research purposes. The data collection process took approximately 10 minutes.
Data Analysis
Data analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences v.20 NY, New York) version 20.0 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, IL, USA). Normality of data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (PPNCS: p = .000; NNCSS: p = .000). Since the data did not follow a normal distribution, nonparametric statistical methods, including the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Mann–Whitney U -test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and Spearman’s rho correlation test, were applied to evaluate group differences. A p -value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Acıbadem University (Approval No: 2023-21/746, Date: January 11, 2024). Data collection began following the approval from the hospital’s ethics committee and institutional permission. Permission to use the NNCSS and the PPNCS was obtained via email from Uzun, who conducted the Turkish validity and reliability study for the NNCSS, and from Çoban, who conducted the Turkish validity and reliability study for the PPNCS. The objectives of the study were fully explained to the participants, and written consent was obtained from all patients.
Results
The personal characteristics of the patients included in the study; 40.7% were between the ages of 40–59, 51.4% were female, and 71.4% were married. According to their clinical conditions, 39.3% of the patients had leukemia, and 29.3% had a disease duration of 12 months or more. When the countries of the patients included in the study were evaluated, 35% were Turkish, 20.7% were Montenegrin, and 17.1% were Georgian citizens. The information form determined that 37.1% of the nurses who cared for the patients participating in the study had 1–3 years of experience, and the rate of nurses with more than 3 years of experience was 28.6% ( Table 1 ).
Upon analyzing the distribution of patient responses to the items on the PPNCS, it was observed that 95% of patients endorsed the statement, “I felt well cared for by the nurses.” Additionally, 92.9% of patients agreed with the statements, “I am confident that nurses will be there for me when I need them.” The statement, “The nurses helped me cope with fears about my illness,” exhibited the lowest level of agreement, with 79.3% of patients responding affirmatively ( Table 2 ).
Regarding the NNCSS, the following results were found: 71.4% of patients agreed with “The way nurses treat you as an individual,” 71% agreed with “nurses’ respect your privacy (personal and physical boundaries),” and 68.6% agreed with “the attitude of nurses while doing their duties.” Furthermore, the statement “the freedom provided to you on the ward” had the lowest percentage, with 57.9% of patients responding “completely satisfied” ( Table 3 ).
The scores of patients on the NNCSS ranged from 49.5 to 100, with a mean score of 90.45 ± 12.29. The scores on the PPNCS ranged from 24 to 75, with a mean score of 72.75 ± 5.0 ( Table 4 ).
When analyzing the relationship between personal characteristics of patients and their PPNCS and NNCSS scores, significant differences were observed ( p < .05) in the following variables: comorbidities, age groups, diagnosis types, and country of origin. Specifically, when examining the relationship between diagnosis types and nursing care perceptions, patients diagnosed with leukemia (73.53 ± 2.20) and multiple myeloma (73.65 ± 2.52) had significantly higher PPNCS scores compared to patients diagnosed with bone marrow failure (69.82 ± 3.59) ( p = .013). When evaluating the relationship between age groups and nursing care satisfaction, patients aged 18–29 years had a significantly higher mean NNCSS score (96.56 ± 5.69) compared to patients aged 66 years and older (87.23 ± 13.38) ( p = .038). Regarding the country variable, patients from Türkiye had the lowest NNCSS scores (85.92 ± 13.54), while patients from Bosnia had significantly higher NNCSS scores (96.99 ± 6.56) ( p = .001). No statistically significant differences were observed in relation to the PPNCS and NNCSS scores based on other socio-demographic characteristics, including gender, marital status, educational level, income level, disease duration, and also nurse’s characteristics ( p > .05) ( Table 5 ).
Discussion
The results of this study to determine the relationship between nursing care perceptions and satisfaction of multicultural patients with hematological malignancies and to improve the quality of nursing care in line with the results show that patients are generally highly satisfied with the care services provided by nurses. When the study results are evaulated with the literature, it is seen that the quality of nursing care is directly related to how the care service provided is perceived by those receiving the service. The fact that the nursing care perception score average was 72.75 ± 5.0 and the general satisfaction level was 90.45 ± 12.29 in this study results reveals that nurses generally provide quality care to patients and that this care has a positive effect on patients. The evaluations of Özşaker et al. in their study on this subject that patient satisfaction is perceived in line with the patient’s expectations support the present results ( Özşaker et al., 2021 ).
In the study results, the highest score received was 95% for the question “I felt well cared for by the nurses” regarding patients’ perceptions of nursing care. This finding shows that the care provided by nurses to their patients is quite positive in terms of general perception and that patients have a high sense of trust in the care process. As in the study conducted by Karakaş and Avşar on patients’ perceptions of nursing care, the positive perception of patients’ nursing care in the current data is similar and proves that the care provided by nurses can directly affect patients’ general perceptions( Karakaş & Avşar, 2024 ). It was determined that 92.9% of the patients agreed with the statements “I am confident that the nurses will be there for me when I need them,” which helps understand the perception of care. In addition to the individual characteristics of the patients, the support they receive from the nurse, the respect and kindness shown by the nurse, the ability to reach the nurse in times of need, and being provided with clear and satisfactory information appear to be highly effective in their perception of care. The positive findings emphasized by Gül and Dinç ( 2018 ) in their study that the patients see the nurses as respectful to others, having professional knowledge and skills, and being accessible to the individual indicate that the patients have positive perceptions of nursing care and support the current data ( Gül & Dinç, 2018 ). The response to the question “The nurses helped me cope with my fears about my illness” was determined as 79.3%, and this result had the lowest rate in terms of perception of care. This finding shows that patients diagnosed with hematological malignancy may need more psychosocial support and reveals the need for nurses to have more knowledge and experience in this area. International studies emphasize that providing effective psychosocial support is a key component of holistic nursing care. For example, in the United States and Europe, patients report higher satisfaction and better care perceptions when nurses are trained to offer emotional support, address fears, and provide counseling throughout the treatment process ( Papastavrou et al., 2016 ; Laschinger et al., 2016a and 2016b ). Conversely, insufficient psychosocial support has been linked to increased patient anxiety, lower satisfaction, and negative perceptions of nursing quality ( Henderson, 2019 ). This finding suggests that nurses caring for patients with hematological malignancies may require additional training and resources in psychosocial care, including strategies to manage patients’ fears, provide counseling, and enhance emotional support. Incorporating structured psychosocial interventions and ensuring continuous communication with patients can improve patients’ overall perceptions of nursing care and their satisfaction with the care process. These results are parallel to studies in the literature that emphasize that individuals diagnosed with hematological malignancy in particular have increased needs for psychological support during the treatment process and that nurses can sometimes be inadequate in providing this support( Akça Doğan et al., 2023 ) ( Table 2 ).
In the current study results, the response rate of patients to questions about their satisfaction with nursing care was determined as 71.4% as “I was completely satisfied” with the way nurses treated them as individuals. In the literature, the nurse-patient relationship and individualized care are shown to be among the main determinants of patient satisfaction. In particular, empathy, communication, and providing patient-specific care are among the factors that increase satisfaction. Studies have shown that individualized care increases patient trust and contributes positively to the treatment process ( Papastavrou et al., 2016). The response rate of “I was completely satisfied” to the statement “Nurses respect your privacy (personal and physical boundaries)” was determined as 71%. Patient privacy is an important factor in terms of both ethics and patient rights. In the literature, it has been stated that the highest level of patient satisfaction in nursing care is the issue of nurses’ respect for their privacy ( Kayrakcı & Özşaker, 2014 ). This situation emphasizes that respecting patients’ privacy is an important element in nursing care. It was determined that 70% of the patients responded “I was completely satisfied” to the statement “from the helpfulness of the nurses.” The fact that 70% of the patients were completely satisfied with the helpfulness of the nurses shows that the patient-nurse interaction, which is an important factor in nursing care, is evaluated positively. The helpfulness of the nurses is directly related to patient trust, compliance with treatment, and general satisfaction with health services. In the literature, nurses’ helpfulness and effective communication are strongly associated with patient trust, treatment adherence, and overall satisfaction ( Ferreira et al., 2023 ; Sharkiya et al., 2023; Bahari et al., 2024 ). Especially in today’s world where patient-centered care is becoming increasingly important, patients expect not only medical care but also compassionate and supportive communication ( McCabe, 2014 ). However, it should not be forgotten that factors such as workload, patient-nurse ratio, and individual expectations can affect this level of satisfaction. In order to ensure the continuity of helpfulness, nurses need to be supported, working conditions need to be improved, and patient-centered care needs to be encouraged. It was determined that 68.6% of the patients responded “I was completely satisfied” to the statements “from the attitude of the nurses while doing their duties.” There are studies in the literature that consider the easy accessibility of nurses and the attention spans of patients as one of the basic components of quality of care. Nurses spending more time at the patient’s bedside and responding quickly to needs significantly increases patient satisfaction ( Aiken et al., 2016 ). On the other hand, the inadequate number of nurses is one of the biggest problems in this area. Literature shows that when the nurse-to-patient ratio is low, patient experience and satisfaction levels decrease ( Song & Do, 2024 ), while empathetic, friendly, and understanding nurse attitudes significantly increase patient satisfaction (Ferreira et al., 2023; Abate et al., 2023 ).
A gentle and caring approach is one of the most important elements that patients expect from healthcare professionals. The studies conducted and these results show that the time nurses spend on patients and their constant availability have a significant effect on patient satisfaction. The item with the lowest satisfaction rate in the scale was the response given to the expression “from the freedom provided to you in the ward” with a rate of 57.9%. This result reveals that the demands for independence and personal freedom are important in the care processes of patients, especially those who stay in the hospital for a long time. Some studies indicate that patients develop negative perceptions about the quality of care when they feel restricted in the hospital environment ( Kersu et al., 2020 ; Ferreira et al., 2023 ; Havana et al., 2023 ). Additionally, hospital policies and medical necessities may limit patients’ autonomy in this context ( Table 3 ).
One of the most important findings of the study is that there is a positive significant relationship between PPNCS and NNCSS scores ( r = 0.637, p = .000). This shows that high perception of nursing care quality directly affects patient satisfaction. Similar previous studies also show that patients’ positive perceptions of nursing care increase their overall satisfaction levels ( Laschinger et al., 2016a and 2016b ; Karaca & Durna, 2018 ). These results show that nurses’ continuing to develop their professional knowledge and skills and focusing more on patient care play a critical role in increasing patient satisfaction ( Table 4 ).
In the current study data comparing personal characteristics and scale scores in Table 5 , it was found that NNCSS scores of patients with comorbid diseases were significantly different from those of individuals without comorbid diseases. There are conflicting results in the literature regarding the effect of comorbid diseases on satisfaction with nursing services. While some studies show that individuals with comorbid diseases report higher satisfaction because they are more dependent on nursing care ( Aiken et al., 2012 ), others suggest that the need for long-term care may increase service expectations and reduce satisfaction levels ( Kutney-Lee et al., 2009 ). According to the diagnostic group results, it was determined that the perception of nursing care of patients diagnosed with leukemia (73.53 ± 2.20) and multiple myeloma (73.65 ± 2.52) was significantly higher than that of patients diagnosed with bone marrow insufficiency (69.82 ± 3.59). This finding can be explained by the fact that patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies feel a greater need for care and intense interaction with nurses. While patients with leukemia and multiple myeloma usually require long-term chemotherapy treatments, patients diagnosed with bone marrow insufficiency have a different clinical management process. Similarly, Pinto et al. stated that the continuous relationship established by hematological malignancy patients with nurses strengthens the perception of care and increases patient satisfaction ( Pinto et al., 2021 ). When evaluated in terms of age groups, it was observed that the nursing care satisfaction of patients aged 18–29 was significantly higher than that of patients aged 66 and over. This situation can be explained by the fact that younger patients can communicate better with healthcare professionals and are more prone to technological and digital healthcare services. On the other hand, elderly patients may have different expectations from healthcare services due to cognitive, sensory, and physical limitations. Penque emphasized that elderly patients may have lower levels of satisfaction with healthcare services than younger patients and that this situation may be related to differences in access and understanding of healthcare services by elderly individuals ( Penque & Kearney, 2015). When evaluated according to the country variable, it was found that patients from Türkiye and Georgia had the lowest level of nursing care satisfaction, while patients from Bosnia and Montenegro had the highest level of care satisfaction. This difference may be related to cultural expectations, the quality of service provided by healthcare systems, and the patient-physician/nurse relationship. In a study conducted by Aiken et al., it was stated that patient satisfaction is directly related to cultural differences and that expectations for nursing services are higher in some countries ( Aiken et al., 2020 ). In this study, no significant difference was found between some socio-demographic characteristics of patients such as gender, marital status, education level, income status, duration of illness, and nursing experience and perception of nursing care and satisfaction scores ( p > .05). This result shows that patient satisfaction and perception of care have a stronger relationship with the quality of healthcare service delivery rather than individual demographic characteristics. Similarly, in the study conducted by Koç, no significant difference was found between patients’ satisfaction with nursing care in terms of socio-demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, occupation, presence of social security, and previous hospital experience ( Koç, 2020 ). In the literature, a study conducted by Laschinger et al. showed that gender and marital status were not direct determinants of patient satisfaction, but the individual’s disease process and care experience were more effective ( Laschinger et al., 2016a and 2016b ).
Patients with chronic diseases, who frequently come to the hospital and stay for a long time, can see the educational, counseling, and other roles of the nurse in the clinics where they receive service. When patients with and without comorbid diseases were compared in this study, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of perception of nursing care ( p > .05). This result may indicate that the care provided by nurses to patients is delivered at a certain standard ensuring that care is provided for them equally while respecting their individuality. In the study conducted by Yılmaz et al. ( 2015 ), it was determined that patients with chronic diseases perceive nursing care higher ( Yılmaz Karabulutlu et al., 2015 ). Similar studies have stated that the presence of chronic disease does not have a direct effect on patient satisfaction, but meeting the individual needs of patients during the care process is an important factor ( Radwin et al., 2008 ) ( Table 5 ).
Study Limitations
The limitations of this study include its single-center design, the multicultural patient sample, which may introduce language barriers and communication challenges, and the limited duration of the data collection period. These factors may have influenced the generalizability of the findings.
Conclusion and Recommendations
According to the study results, patients with hematological malignancies generally reported high satisfaction with nursing care. Nurses’ empathy, professional competence, interest, and sensitivity were significant factors enhancing patient satisfaction. However, certain factors such as age, diagnosis, comorbid conditions, and cultural background influenced patients’ perceptions of care, highlighting the need for outcome-specific interventions to further improve care quality and satisfaction. The current study data also show that the effect of different cultures on the perception of nursing care is important in shaping nurses’ care practice. Cultural sensitivity and respect help healthcare providers understand patients better, communicate more effectively, and provide higher satisfaction during the care process. Therefore, nurses’ understanding of cultural diversity and providing care by taking these differences into account will increase the quality of overall patient care.
Psychosocial support: Structured psychosocial interventions, such as counseling sessions, stress management programs, and fear-coping strategies, should be implemented for patients. Their effectiveness can be evaluated through patient-reported outcomes on anxiety, depression, and coping levels.
Cultural competence: Nurses should receive targeted cultural competence training. Improvements can be monitored through patient-reported satisfaction regarding culturally sensitive care and adaptation to individual beliefs and practices.
Patient autonomy: Patients should be actively involved in care decisions. Outcomes can be assessed by tracking the proportion of patients who feel empowered and informed about their care options.
Privacy and individualized care: Care should respect patients’ privacy preferences, including cultural norms and gender considerations for caregivers. Patient feedback should be systematically collected to ensure individualized care is maintained.
Family involvement: Family participation in the care process should be encouraged. Outcomes can be evaluated by assessing family-reported satisfaction and patients’ adherence to care plans.
Time management and service delivery: Good time management should be applied to provide fast and effective service, prioritize patients according to their care needs, and intervene in a timely manner.
Respecting cultural practices and preferences: Providing information in a culturally sensitive way, respecting patient requests for limited information, and considering religious or personal practices (e.g., praying, performing rituals) are essential to enhance satisfaction and effectiveness.
In addition, improving nurses’ working conditions, balancing workload, and optimizing patient-nurse ratios are crucial for enhancing patient outcomes. Implementing these outcome-specific, evidence-based strategies will help ensure that nursing care not only meets general standards but also addresses psychosocial needs, respects individuality, and improves overall patient satisfaction and quality of care.
Data Availability Statement:
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
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