Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.

A novel class of non-coding small RNAs, termed transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), is produced from mature or precursor tRNA (pre-tRNA). Recent studies have revealed disease-specific expression profiles of tsRNAs in patients with various autoimmune diseases. Their expression levels correlate with disease activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and demonstrate good diagnostic value. These tsRNAs may regulate the differentiation, activation, and apoptosis of immune cells, thereby influencing the release of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, they may also contribute to the etiology and progression of autoimmune diseases by the modulation of multiple immune-related signaling pathways. This review systematically outlines the fundamental biological properties of tsRNAs, with a focus on their expression patterns and mechanistic roles in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, IgA nephropathy and psoriasis. By elucidating these key aspects, we aim to assess the potential of tsRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, thereby paving the way for innovative strategies in the precise diagnosis and targeted treatments of these diseases.