Apoptotic Bodies: Decoding Their Functional Messages in Physiology and Pathology.

Apoptosis, as the predominant form of programmed cell death, plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic bodies (ABs), which are extracellular vesicles released during the terminal phase of apoptosis, were initially characterized as functionless cellular debris. However, they are now recognized for mediating intercellular communication via biomolecule delivery in both physiological and pathological states. Owing to their diverse biological properties, ABs have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates for treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and bone diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and infectious/inflammatory conditions, and have demonstrated potential in promoting tissue regeneration. Furthermore, ABs present in bodily fluids carry abundant disease-related information and offer a dynamic representation of patients' physiological states, rendering them valuable tools for diagnosis and prognosis. This review consolidates progress in ABs research, delineates their pathophysiological roles, and assesses challenges and opportunities for their clinical application.