Dual Regulation and Clinical Application of miR-34 in Virus-Related Tumors Through Anti-Viral Immunity and Tumor Suppression.

miR-34, as an important class of microRNA, plays a dual regulatory role in host antiviral immunity and tumor suppression. Its unique mechanism targeting both viruses and tumors demonstrates significant potential for synergistic therapeutic applications. During viral infection, miR-34 enhances host immune responses by regulating interferon signaling pathways to target IRF3 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation, which leads to the viral replication suppression. In tumor prevention and treatment, miR-34 acts as a downstream effector of the p53 signaling pathway, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by inhibiting Cyclin D1 and promoting Bax expression, exhibiting the tumor-suppressive roles. Additionally, miR-34 plays a key role in the interactions between viruses and hosts, as well as tumors and the microenvironment, by balancing the expression of inflammatory factors (eg, IL-6, TNF-α). Although miR-34 has shown significant potential in preclinical studies, its clinical application still faces challenges such as low drug delivery efficiency, off-target effects, and safety concerns. Notably, miR-34 mimics have demonstrated potential in tumor trials to restore tumor suppressor functions, offering the promising and novel strategies for combined anti-viral and anti-tumor therapies. In the future, through multi-omics integration, the development of novel nano-delivery systems, and multicenter clinical trials, miR-34 is expected to become a crucial target for viral prevention and precision tumor therapy.