Single-cell sequencing in systemic lupus erythematosus.

BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations and multi-organ involvement. Current understanding of SLE pathogenesis remains limited, particularly due to the cellular and molecular diversity of immune cells across tissues. Therefore, a comprehensive review synthesizing recent advances in applying single-cell technologies to SLE research is urgently needed to bridge this knowledge gap.TechnologySingle-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides high-resolution transcriptomic profiling at the single-cell level. This technology facilitates the identification of rare cell subsets, the characterization of cellular states, and the elucidation of disease-specific gene expression patterns. This technology has been applied to various SLE sample types, including peripheral blood, kidney, skin, and bone marrow.ResultsScRNA-seq has revealed distinct immune cell subpopulations and their functional alterations in SLE, including aberrant B- and T-cell subsets, dysregulated interferon-stimulated genes, and pathogenic low-density granulocytes. Crucially, by deconvoluting this cellular heterogeneity, these high-resolution insights bridge the gap between fundamental pathogenesis and clinical application, uncovering cell-specific pathways that can be harnessed as actionable therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers. Integration with spatial transcriptomics and machine learning further enhances research capabilities. These tools allow for mapping disease-specific immune niches and predicting clinical outcomes. Ultimately, these findings underscore the transformative potential of scRNA-seq in decoding SLE pathogenesis and guiding future targeted therapies.